Notes from the bench.

Every certificate we issue carries two measurements. They are not redundant, and neither one substitutes for the other. Here is what each instrument is actually doing, and why a certificate carrying only one of them has verified half of what i

A certificate of analysis is the only document standing between a claim and a measurement. It is also, in this industry, the document most often faked, borrowed, or quietly detached from the material it is supposed to describe. Here is what a