Notes from the bench.

Two numbers describe a vial of lyophilised peptide, they mean entirely different things, and almost every supplier quotes only the one that flatters them. This is the distinction worth understanding before you compare any two certificates. P

A certificate of analysis is the only document standing between a claim and a measurement. It is also, in this industry, the document most often faked, borrowed, or quietly detached from the material it is supposed to describe. Here is what a

Almost every supplier in this industry says the same four words: third-party tested. Far fewer will say when. The order of operations is the part that decides whether the phrase means anything, and it is the part nobody advertises. Two ways